I tried to implement recover through the simplest and shortest way I could imagine.

The code compiles and saves 50 JPGs with proper names, but when I open them, all of them are just empty and even ls -l shows that the files have 0B.

Also I tried debugging using printf and I found that each file is missing 1 block. I checked online and found that each file should have either 19 or 20 blocks, but my files have 18 or 19 blocks.

I couldn't figure out why the files are empty or why I have been missing 1 block.

Here's the code:

#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define block_size 512
typedef uint8_t BYTE;

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    if (argc != 2)
    {
        printf("Usage: ./recover card\n");
        return 1;
    }
    FILE *card = fopen(argv[1], "r");
    if (card == NULL)
    {
        printf("%s: could not open\n", argv[1]);
        return 2;
    }

    FILE *jpg = NULL;
    BYTE buffer[block_size];
    int jpg_count = 0;

    // 7 characters for name + 1 character for null
    char jpg_name[8] = {0};

    // To check no. of blocks for each jpg
    int write_count = 0;

    // Iterate through the card
    while (fread(&buffer, 1, block_size, card) == block_size)
    {
        // Check for start of jpg
        if (buffer[0] == 0xff && buffer[1] == 0xd8 && buffer[2] == 0xff
        && (buffer[3] & 0xf0)== 0xe0)
        {
            // If found start close previous jpg if availabe
            if (jpg != NULL)
            {
                fclose(jpg);
                printf("\n");
            }
            // Reset w_count for new jpg
            write_count = 0;

            // Create new jpg
            sprintf(jpg_name, "%03i.jpg",jpg_count++);
            // Print jpg name for testing
            printf("%s: ", jpg_name);

            jpg = fopen(jpg_name, "w");
            if (jpg == NULL)
            {
                printf("error\n");
                fclose(jpg);
            }
        }
        // The first if and this if are not mutually exclusive
        // if jpg exists keep writing until EOF or next JPEG found(above condition)
        if (jpg_count > 0 && jpg != NULL)
        {
            fwrite(&buffer, 1, block_size, card);
            printf("%i ", write_count++);
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
    // Close last jpg
    fclose(jpg);
    fclose(card);
    return 0;
}